Springe direkt zu Inhalt

Working group Prof. Gruber

Staff

Research focus:

 

1. A novel parasite that kills pigeons in Berlin and is spread worldwide

Anne Voß, Tobias Britzke and Achim Gruber

Since 2006, a previously unknown infectious agent has caused large losses in various pigeon populations, causing great concern, especially among sport pigeon breeders. Together with colleagues from the Institutes of Poultry Science in Berlin and Giessen, we have discovered and characterized a novel unicellular parasite, Sarcocystis calchasi, which causes this complex and fatal disease in pigeons (pigeon protozoal encephalitis). The parasite is transmitted by goshawks and other raptors, appears to have already spread throughout Germany and has now also been observed in the USA and Japan. Together with Prof. Dr. Michael Lierz and his team at the Justus Liebig University in Giessen, we are currently investigating several open questions about this unusual parasitic infection, including a possible threat to other species, including mammals and humans. (funded by the German Research Foundation GR1491/6-3)

Selected literature:

  1. Parasite distribution and early-stage encephalitis in Sarcocystis calchasi infections in domestic pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica). Maier K, Olias P, Enderlein D, Klopfleisch R, Mayr SL, Gruber AD, Lierz M. Avian Pathol. 2015;44(1):5-12.

  2. Sarcocystis calchasi has an expanded host range and induces neurological disease in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and North American rock pigeons (Columbia livia f. dom.). Olias P, Maier K, Wuenschmann A, Reed L, Armién AG, Shaw DP, Gruber AD, Lierz M. Vet Parasitol. 2014 Feb 24;200(1-2):59-65.

  3. Modulation of the host Th1 immune response in pigeon protozoal encephalitis caused by Sarcocystis calchasi. Olias P, Meyer A, Klopfleisch R, Lierz M, Kaspers B, Gruber AD. Vet Res. 2013 Feb 11;44:10.

  4. Sarcocystis calchasi-associated neurologic disease in a domestic pigeon in North America. Wünschmann A, Armien AG, Reed L, Gruber AD, Olias P. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2011 Dec;58(6):526-30.

  5. High prevalence of Sarcocystis calchasi sporocysts in European Accipiter hawks. Olias P, Olias L, Krücken J, Lierz M, Gruber AD. Vet Parasitol. 2011 Feb 10;175(3-4):230-6

  6. Unusual biphasic disease in domestic pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica) following experimental infection with Sarcocystis calchasi. Olias P, Gruber AD, Heydorn AO, Kohls A, Hafez HM, Lierz M. Avian Dis. 2010 Sep;54(3):1032-7.

  7. Sarcocystis calchasi is distinct to Sarcocystis columbae sp. nov. from the wood pigeon (Columba palumbus) and Sarcocystis sp. from the sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus). Olias P, Olias L, Lierz M, Mehlhorn H, Gruber AD. Vet Parasitol. 2010 Jul 15;171(1-2):7-14

  8. Sarcocystis species lethal for domestic pigeons. Olias P, Gruber AD, Kohls A, Hafez HM, Heydorn AO, Mehlhorn H, Lierz M. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 Mar;16(3):497-9.

  9. A novel Sarcocystis-associated encephalitis and myositis in racing pigeons. Olias P, Gruber AD, Heydorn AO, Kohls A, Mehlhorn H, Hafez HM, Lierz M. Avian Pathol. 2009 Apr;38(2):121-8

 

2. CLCA molecules in human and animal diseases

Lars Mundhenk, Andreas Spree, Katharina Landmann and Achim Gruber

Over the past 17 years, our research has focused on the CLCA gene family and its role in human and animal disease. The members of the CLCA family represent a newly discovered protein family whose members appear to be involved in a variety of normal and pathological processes, including mucus production and moistening of mucous membranes of the nose, trachea, lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, individual members play an important role in the modulation of early immune defense mechanisms. Our research group studies different CLCA molecules in humans, mice, horses, pigs and cats to gain a better understanding of their functions in normal and diseased tissues. Their pathophysiological significance in a variety of tissues and their therapeutic potential in various diseases, in particular chronic inflammatory diseases associated with secretory dysfunction, are the focus of our interest. All these diseases including cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and attenuation (RAO) are characterized by reduced mucus humidification and congestion of the airways or digestive tract with highly viscous mucus. We hypothesize that members of the CLCA gene family play an important role in these diseases and may be of interest for novel strategies for intervention and therapy. Our research has been financially supported by the German Cystic Fibrosis Association, the German Research Foundation (DFG) and other funding organizations and involves the training of numerous young scientists.

Selected literature:

  1. Plog S., Klymiuk N., Binder S., Van Hook M.J., Thoreson W.B., Gruber A.D. and Mundhenk L. (2015). Naturally Occurring Deletion Mutants of the Pig-Specific, Intestinal Crypt Epithelial Cell Protein CLCA4b without Apparent Phenotype. PLOS One 10

  2. Dietert K., Mundhenk L., Erickson N.A., Reppe K., Hocke A.C., Kummer W., Witzenrath M. and Gruber A.D. (2015). Murine CLCA5 is uniquely expressed in distinct niches of airway epithelial cells. Histochemistry and Cell Biology 143: 277-287.

  3. Erickson N.A., Nystrom E.E.L., Mundhenk L., Arike L., Glauben R., Heimesaat M.M., Fischer A., Bereswill S., Birchenough G.M.H., Gruber A.D. and Johansson M.E.V. (2015). The Goblet Cell Protein Clca1 (Alias mClca3 or Gob-5) Is Not Required for Intestinal Mucus Synthesis, Structure and Barrier Function in Naive or DSS-Challenged Mice. PLOS One 10

  4. Dietert K., Reppe K., Mundhenk L., Witzenrath M. and Gruber A.D. (2014). mCLCA3 Modulates IL-17 and CXCL-1 Induction and Leukocyte Recruitment in Murine Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia. PLOS One 9

  5. Bothe M.K., Mundhenk L., Beck C.L., Kaup M. and Gruber A.D. (2012). Impaired Autoproteolytic Cleavage of mCLCA6, a Murine Integral Membrane Protein Expressed in Enterocytes, Leads to Cleavage at the Plasma Membrane Instead of the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Molecules and Cells 33: 251-257.

  6. Mundhenk L., Johannesson B., Anagnostopoulou P., Braun J., Bothe M.K., Schultz C., Mall M.A. and Gruber A.D. (2012). mCLCA3 Does Not Contribute to Calcium-Activated Chloride Conductance in Murine Airways. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 47: 87-93.

  7. Plog S., Groetzsch T., Klymiuk N., Kobalz U., Gruber A.D. and Mundhenk L. (2012). The Porcine Chloride Channel Calcium-Activated Family Member pCLCA4a Mirrors Lung Expression of the Human hCLCA4. Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 60: 45-56.

  8. Plog S., Mundhenk L., Langbein L. and Gruber A.D. (2012). Synthesis of porcine pCLCA2 protein during late differentiation of keratinocytes of epidermis and hair follicle inner root sheath. Cell and Tissue Research 350: 445-453

 

3. Hamster models for COVID-19: How can we help people?

Kristina Dietert, Simon Dökel, Theresa Brömel (née Firsching), Judith Bushe (née Hoppe), Anne Voß and Achim Gruber

Together with animal virologists from Freie Universität Berlin and numerous clinical and basic researchers from Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, we are investigating SARS-CoV-2 infections in various hamster models in order to be able to help in the current pandemic with scientifically sound data and test platforms. Unfortunately, animal models are still absolutely essential here, as suitable replacement methods are not yet available and many questions cannot be tested on humans straight away. Our research is embedded in the Collaborative Research Center SFB-TR84 and is therefore funded by the German Research Foundation .

In contrast to the classic model animal, the mouse, hamsters are naturally susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and develop pneumonia, which is similar in many aspects to the changes in COVID-19 patients. Interestingly, significant differences in the course of the disease are observed depending on the age of the animals at the time of infection, similar to infections in different age groups in humans (keywords: children, adults, seniors). Various hamster species (including golden hamsters, Chinese hamsters and Roborovski dwarf hamsters), some of which are only distantly related phylogenetically, are used for the studies. Interestingly, the different hamster species develop very different clinical forms and courses of pneumonia, which means that different forms of progression can be modeled in humans (keyword: pre-existing conditions). This means that several suitable models are available for researching various fundamental questions and clinical challenges. The hamster models are particularly interesting and valuable in the fight against the pandemic, especially for testing drug therapy options and developing and testing vaccines for efficacy and undesirable side effects. At the same time, we are learning about important differences to humans, which, as with any transfer of information from models, must be taken into account. Cross-species comparative pathology provides valuable contributions here.

Selected literature:

  1. Gruber AD, Osterrieder N, Bertzbach LD, Vladimirova D, Greuel S, Ihlow J, Horst D, Trimpert J, and Dietert K. Standardization of Reporting Criteria for Lung Pathology in SARS-CoV-2 Infected Hamsters – What matters? American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 2020, 63(6): 856-859

  2. Virus-induced senescence is a central pathogenic principle and therapeutic target in COVID-19 disease. Soyoung Lee, Yong Yu, Jakob Trimpert, Fahad Benthani, Mario Mairhofer, Paulina Richter-Pechanska, Emanuel Wyler, Dimitri Belenki, Sabine Kaltenbrunner, Maria Pammer, Lea Kausche, Kristina Dietert, Séverine Kunz, Daniela Niemeyer, Riad Ghanem, Helmut Salzer, Christian Paar, Michael Mülleder, EdwardG. Michaelis, Andrea Lau, Martin Schönlein, Anna Habringer, Josef Tomasits, Susanne Kimeswenger, Wolfram Hötzenecker, Bettina Purfürst, Reinhard Motz, Bernd Lamprecht, Nikolaus Osterrieder, Markus Landthaler, Christian Drosten, Rupert Langer, Markus Ralser, Roland Eils Maurice Reimann, Dorothy N. Y. Fan and Clemens A. Schmitt. Nature, in press.

  3. Temporal omics analysis in Syrian hamsters unravel cellular effector responses to moderate COVID-19. Nouailles G, Wyler E, Pennitz P, Postmus D, Vladimirova D, Kazmierski J, Pott F, Dietert K, Muelleder M, Farztdinov V, Obermayer B, Wienhold SM, Andreotti S, Hoefler T, Sawitzki B, Drosten C, Sander LE, Suttorp N, Ralser M, Beule D, Gruber AD, Goffinet C, Landthaler M, Trimpert J, Witzenrath M. Nature Communications. 2021 Aug 11;12(1):4869.

  4. Trimpert J, Dietert K, Firsching TC, Ebert N, Thi Nhu Thao T, Vladimirova D, Kaufer S, Labroussaa F, Abdelgawad A, Conradie A, Höfler T, Adler JM, Bertzbach LD, Jores J, Gruber AD, Thiel V, Osterrieder N, Kunec D. Development of safe and highly protective live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates by genome recoding. Cell Reports 2021 Aug 3;36(5):109493.

  5. Osterrieder N, Bertzbach LD, Dietert K, Abdelgawad A, Vladimirova D, Kunec D, Hoffmann D, Beer M, Gruber AD, and Trimpert J. Age-Dependent Progression of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Syrian Hamsters. Viruses 2020, 12 (7): 779

  6. Trimpert J, Vladimirova D, Dietert K, Abdelgawad A, Kunec D, Dökel S, Gruber AD, Bertzbach LD, and Osterrieder N. The Roborovski Dwarf Hamster – A Highly Susceptible Model for a Rapid and Fatal Course of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Cell Reports 2020, 33 (19): 108488

  7. Bertzbach LD, Vladimirova D, Dietert K, Abdelgawad A, Gruber AD, Osterrieder N, and Trimpert J. SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Chinese Hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) Reproduces COVID-19 Pneumonia in a Well-Established Small Animal Model. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2020 18;10.1111/tbed.13837

  8. Kreye J, Reincke SM, Kornau HC, Sanchez-Sendin E, Corman VM, Liu H, Yuan M, Wu NC, Zhu X, Lee CD, Trimpert J, Hoeltje M, Dietert K, Stoeffler L, von Wardenburg N, van Hoof S, Homeyer MA, Hoffmann J, Abdelgawad A, Gruber AD, Bertzbach LD, Vladimirova D, Li LY, Barthel PC, Skriner K, Hocke AC, Hippenstiel S, Witzenrath M, Suttorp N, Kurth F, Franke C, Endres M, Schmitz D, Jeworowski LM, Richter A, Schmidt ML, Schwarz T, Mueller MA, Drosten C, Wendisch D, Sander LE, Osterrieder N, Wilson IA, and Pruess H. A SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody protects from lung pathology in a COVID-19 hamster model. CELL. 2020, 183(4):1058-1069.e19.

 

4. Research on early immune mechanisms of the lung

Theresa Brömel (née Firsching), Judith Bushe (née Hoppe), Anne Voß and Achim Gruber

As part of the DFG-funded Collaborative Research Center / Transregio SFB-TR 84 “Innate Immunity of the Lung: Mechanisms of Pathogen Attack and Host Defense in Pneumonia”, we are involved in the investigation of the diverse early defense mechanisms in infectious diseases of the lung, which play an outstanding role in the course and outcome of this important widespread disease. Further information can be found at: http://www.sfb-tr84.de/(Project Z1b).

Selected literature:

  1. Mueller-Redetzky H.C., Felten M., Hellwig K., Wienhold S.-M., Naujoks J., Opitz B., Kershaw O., Gruber A.D., Suttorp N. and Witzenrath M. (2015). Increasing the inspiratory time and I:E ratio during mechanical ventilation aggravates ventilator-induced lung injury in mice. Critical Care 19

  2. Mueller-Redetzky H.C., Wienhold S.M., Berg J., Hocke A.C., Hippenstiel S., Hellwig K., Gutbier B., Opitz B., Neudecker J., Rueckert J., Gruber A.D., Kershaw O., Mayer K., Suttorp N. and Witzenrath M. (2015). Moxifloxacin is not anti-inflammatory in experimental pneumococcal pneumonia. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 70: 830-840.

  3. Mueller-Redetzky H.C., Will D., Hellwig K., Kummer W., Tschernig T., Pfeil U., Paddenberg R., Menger M.D., Kershaw O., Gruber A.D., Weissmann N., Hippenstiel S., Suttorp N. and Witzenrath M. (2014). Mechanical ventilation drives pneumococcal pneumonia into lung injury and sepsis in mice: protection by adrenomedullin. Critical Care 18

  4. Hackstein H., Kranz S., Lippitsch A., Wachtendorf A., Kershaw O., Gruber A.D., Michel G., Lohmeyer J., Bein G., Baal N. and Herold S. (2013). Modulation of respiratory dendritic cells during Klebsiella pneumonia infection. Respiratory Research 14

  5. Hocke A.C., Berg J., Becher A., Knepper J., Klauschen F., Toennies M., Bauer T.T., Schneider P., Neudecker J., Rueckert J.C., Gruber A.D., Suttorp N., Hippenstiel S. and Wolff T. (2013). Increased Severity of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A Virus Subtype H1N1 Infection in Alveolar Type II Cells From Patients With Pulmonary Fibrosis Reply. Journal of Infectious Diseases 207: 693-695.

  6. Hoegner K., Wolff T., Pleschka S., Plog S., Gruber A.D., Kalinke U., Walmrath H.-D., Bodner J., Gattenloehner S., Lewe-Schlosser P., Matrosovich M., Seeger W., Lohmeyer J. and Herold S. (2013). Macrophage-expressed IFN-beta Contributes to Apoptotic Alveolar Epithelial Cell Injury in Severe Influenza Virus Pneumonia. PLOS Pathogens 9

 

5. phenotyping of murine and other animal models of human diseases

Anne Voß, Tobias Britzke and Achim Gruber

Histopathology is still one of the most important tools to study infectious, genetic, degenerative or tumorous diseases in humans and animals in animal models in order to develop better diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for the benefit of patients.

Our modern, digitally supported investigations include qualitative characterizations, but also semi-quantitative and quantitative assessments and comparisons of the extent of changes. In addition, gene expression analysis using immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence is a valuable tool to better understand the pathogenesis of diseases in tissue (in situ) and in vivo models.

Selected literature:

  1. Klopfleisch R. Multiparametric and semiquantitative scoring systems for the evaluation of mouse model histopathology--a systematic review. BMC Veterinary Research 9:123, 2013.

  2. Weinl C., Vega S.C., Riehle H., Stritt C., Calaminus C., Wolburg H., Mauel S., Breithaupt A., Gruber A.D., Wasylyk B., Olson E.N., Adams R.H., Pichler B.J. and Nordheim A. (2015). Endothelial depletion of murine SRF/MRTF provokes intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112: 9914-9919.

  3. Gronbach K., Flade I., Holst O., Lindner B., Ruscheweyh H.J., Wittmann A., Menz S., Schwiertz A., Adam P., Stecher B., Josenhans C., Suerbaum S., Gruber A.D., Kulik A., Huson D., Autenrieth I.B. and Frick J.-S. (2014). Endotoxicity of Lipopolysaccharide as a Determinant of T-Cell-Mediated Colitis Induction in Mice. Gastroenterology 146: 765-775.

  4. Klymiuk N., Mundhenk L., Wallner K., Wuensch A., Richter A., Plog S., Stehr M., Holzinger A., Kroener C., Kessler B., Kurome M., Zakhartchenko V., Nagashima H., Gruber A.D. and Wolf E. (2012). A novel pig model of cystic fibrosis generated by sequential targeting of CFTR by bacterial artificial chromosome vectors. Reproduction Fertility and Development 24: 232-232.

  5. Wadwa M, Klopfleisch R, Adamczyk A, Frede A, Pastille E, Mahnke K, Hansen W, Geffers R, Lang KS, Buer J, Büning J, Westendorf AM. IL-10 downregulates CXCR3 expression on Th1 cells and interferes with their migration to intestinal inflammatory sites. Mucosal Immunology, doi: 10.1038/mi.2015.132, 2016.

  6. Seiffart V, Zoeller J, Klopfleisch R, Wadwa M, Hansen W, Buer J, Riedel C, Westendorf AM. IL10-Deficiency in CD4⁺ T Cells Exacerbates the IFNγ and IL17 Response During Bacteria Induced Colitis. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 36:1259-73, 2015.

  7. Nadobny J, Klopfleisch R, Brinker G, Stoltenburg-Didinger G. Experimental investigation and histopathological identification of acute thermal damage in skeletal porcine muscle in relation to whole-body SAR, maximum temperature, and CEM43 °C due to RF irradiation in an MR body coil of birdcage type at 123 MHz. International Journal of Hyperthermia, 31:409-20, 2015.

  8. Noe E, Tabeling C, Doehn JM, Naujoks J, Opitz B, Hippenstiel S, Witzenrath M, Klopfleisch R. Juvenile megaesophagus in PKCα-deficient mice is associated with an increase in the segment of the distal esophagus lined by smooth muscle cells. Annals of Anatomy, 196:365-71, 2014.

  9. Saran S, Tran DD, Klebba-Färber S, Moran-Losada P, Wiehlmann L, Koch A, Chopra H, Pabst O, Hoffmann A, Klopfleisch R, Tamura T. THOC5, a member of the mRNA export complex, contributes to processing of a subset of wingless/integrated (Wnt) target mRNAs and integrity of the gut epithelial barrier. BMC Cell Biology, 14:51, 2013.

  10. Ganesh BP, Klopfleisch R, Loh G, Blaut M. Commensal Akkermansia muciniphila exacerbates gut inflammation in Salmonella Typhimurium-infected gnotobiotic mice. PLoS One, 10;8(9), 2013.

 

6. Research for clinical veterinary medicine

The whole team

In addition to providing ongoing research support to local veterinary clinics and practicing veterinarians, we focus on researching various aspects of animal diseases, including novel as well as known but newly threatening diseases. One example is the discovery and characterization of a new and fatal parasitic infection in pigeons caused by Sarcocystis calchasi. This novel and fatal disease was first discovered in pigeons in the Berlin region, but has recently been detected in the USA and Japan, raising fears of a global threat to pigeons.

Selected literature:

  1. Maier K., Olias P., Enderlein D., Klopfleisch R., Mayr S.L., Gruber A.D. and Lierz M. (2015). Parasite distribution and early-stage encephalitis in Sarcocystis calchasi infections in domestic pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica). Avian Pathology 44: 5-12.

  2. Olias P., Maier K., Wuenschmann A., Reed L., Armien A.G., Shaw D.P., Gruber A.D. and Lierz M. (2014). Sarcocystis calchasi has an expanded host range and induces neurological disease in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and North American rock pigeons (Columbia livia f. dom.). Veterinary Parasitology 200: 59-65.

  3. Kershaw O., Heblinski N., Lotz F., Dirsch O. and Gruber A.D. (2012). Diagnostic Value of Morphometry in Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Journal of Comparative Pathology 147: 73-83.

  4. Olias P., Mundhenk L., Bothe M., Ochs A., Gruber A.D. and Klopfleisch R. (2012). Iron Overload Syndrome in the Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis): Microscopical Lesions and Comparison with Other Rhinoceros Species. Journal of Comparative Pathology 147: 542-549.

  5. Peer M., Neuhauser S., Klaus C., Kuiper H., Gruber A.D., Distl O., Lischer C. and Handler J. (2012). Laparoscopic Gonadectomy in Two Intersex Warmblood Horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 32: 117-122.

 

7. Regional, national and international cooperations

The whole team

Intensive cooperation with a focus on both diagnostics and research continues to exist with clinics and institutes of the department, the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), the Robert Koch Institute (RKI), the Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG) in Teltow, the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) in Braunschweig, the German Cancer Research Center (DKZ) in Heidelberg and numerous veterinary clinics and practicing veterinarians in Berlin, Germany and Europe.

 

8. Pathological examinations and services

The whole team

The Institute of Animal Pathology carries out pathological examinations and services for the scientific institutions of the department, for veterinarians in private practice, veterinary clinics, private individuals and companies.

Our diagnostic services include autopsies and histological examinations of all domestic and farm animals as well as zoo and wild animals. Poultry can be examined by the Institute for Poultry Diseases. Fish can be examined by the ILAT (Institut für Lebensmittel, Arzneimittel und Tierseuchen, Invalidenstraße 60, 10557 Berlin, Telefon 030/39784 - 367, E-Mail: ilat@bbges.de).

We currently carry out around 7,000 biopsy examinations and around 1,000 autopsies every year. We also offer numerous special immunohistochemical and molecular biological detection procedures for a variety of diseases.

Further information, services and forms can be found under the menu item Forms & Services.

 

9. Nanocarrier for improved pharmacotherapy of skin diseases (completed)

Lars Mundhenk and Achim Gruber

Nanoparticles as drug carriers have great potential for improved pharmacotherapy of inflammatory and tumorous skin diseases in humans and animals. As part of the DFG-funded Collaborative Research Center 1112 “Nanocarriers: Architecture, Distribution and Topical Application of Drugs for Therapeutic Purposes”, we investigated some aspects of such novel nanocarriers in inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis until 2018. Further information can be found on the homepage of the CRC 1112 (Project C03).

Selected literature:

  1. Ostrowski A., Nordmeyer D., Boreham A., Holzhausen C., Mundhenk L., Graf C., Meinke M.C., Vogt A., Hadam S., Lademann J., Ruehl E., Alexiev U. and Gruber A.D. (2015). Overview about the localization of nanoparticles in tissue and cellular context by different imaging techniques. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6: 263-280.

  2. Holzhausen C., Groeger D., Mundhenk L., Donat C.K., Schnorr J., Haag R. and Gruber A.D. (2015). Biodistribution, cellular localization, and in vivo tolerability of S-35-labeled antiinflammatory dendritic polyglycerol sulfate amine. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 17

  3. Boreham A., Brodwolf R., Pfaff M., Kim T.-Y., Schlieter T., Mundhenk L., Gruber A.D., Groeger D., Kai L., Haag R. and Alexiev U. (2014). Temperature and environment dependent dynamic properties of a dendritic polyglycerol sulfate. Polymers for Advanced Technologies 25: 1329-1336.

  4. Ostrowski A., Nordmeyer D., Boreham A., Brodwolf R., Mundhenk L., Fluhr J.W., Lademann J., Graf C., Ruehl E., Alexiev U. and Gruber A.D. (2014). Skin barrier disruptions in tape stripped and allergic dermatitis models have no effect on dermal penetration and systemic distribution of AHAPS-functionalized silica nanoparticles. Nanomedicine-Nanotechnology Biology and Medicine 10: 1571-1581.

  5. Ostrowski A., Nordmeyer D., Mundhenk L., Fluhr J.W., Lademann J., Graf C., Ruehl E. and Gruber A.D. (2014). AHAPS-functionalized silica nanoparticles do not modulate allergic contact dermatitis in mice. Nanoscale Research Letters 9

  6. Holzhausen C., Mundhenk L., Groeger D., Licha K., Haag R., Abram U., Gemeinhardt I., Schnorr J., Donat C. and Gruber A.D. (2012). Biodistribution of radioactively labeled nanoparticles in the mouse. Journal of Comparative Pathology 146: 52-52.